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When Union troops entered Falmouth and marched along the King’s Highway (today’s River Road) a shot was fired. Not knowing if it was from the house or from the grounds, the soldiers damaged the lock and broke down the door. Finding an empty house, they searched each room. Eliza Gwinn, an enslaved woman, who was…

John Washington observed the continuing stream of other escaped enslaved people, dubbed “contrabands,” (based on liberal interpretation of orders allowing “contraband of war” to be “confiscated”) into the Stafford camps. He wrote, “Day after day the slaves came into camp and every where that the ‘Stars and Stripes’ waved they seemed to know freedom had…

Estimates were that 10,000 enslaved people escaped to freedom after they realized that Union forces were in Stafford. Later, Confederate newspapers said that 12,000 had left their enslavers.  This greater number is probably more accurate, as Southerners considered the people they had enslaved their property and were very much aware of their loss.

Many enslaved saw the arrival of the Union Army in Stafford, in April 1862, as a chance for freedom.  During the Union occupation that spring and summer, enslaved people from Fredericksburg, Stafford, Spotsylvania, and surrounding counties streamed into Union lines.  It was likely the largest single exodus of enslaved people in America up to that…

There were additional “freedom-seekers” after January 1, 1863, the effective date of the Emancipation Proclamation.  This picture was taken in southern Stafford during this “Second Exodus.” There are no macro-numbers as in the first exodus, but there are anecdotal numbers of individual sightings such as, “50 former slaves passed by here.” This photograph was taken…

Mount Olive Baptist Church, near Roseville, was the first African American Church in Stafford County. It was founded in 1818 near Roseville by the Rev. Horace Crutcher and five other members. The original place of worship was a slab wood shelter. “They hewed out the wilderness and drew up a highway for coming generations to…

Shiloh (Old Site) Baptist Church was established in Ruby in 1870 by acquiring one acre of land that was purchased for $1.00. The first church was a bush harbor or shelter. The second one was constructed of logs. In 1894, a frame structure was erected. The church was purchased in 1942 for expansion of US…

Little Forest Baptist Church’s founding members met in homes or under a persimmon tree.  Led by Pastor Uriah Johnson, they finally built their first church in 1905.  In 1959 that building was demolished to make a road later renamed Interstate 95.  Some church members met at a nearby Hills Texaco Station, but feared losing their…

On October 28, 1922, the Union Bell Church was organized. What started out as a lodge hall is now the driveway of the church. Gradually, the church members added rooms such as the dining hall. During the decade of 1978-1988 the building was bricked and a stained-glass window was added over the front door. The…

The Bethlehem Primitive Baptist Church was organized in 1868, just three years after the end of the Civil War, by the Reverend York Johnson. Johnson, previously enslaved, and twenty-seven others separated from the White Oak Primitive Baptist Church. Originally it was called the Bethlehem Church of Colored Members. The Reverend Johnson, assisted by The Freedmen’s…

One of the best “Come Retribution”-related documents is one of the so-called “Gilmer-Campbell” maps. The principal actors were Maj. Gen. Jeremy Gilmer, chief of the Confederate Engineers Bureau; Captain A. H. Campbell, chief topographic engineer in the bureau and topographic engineer for Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia; and Lieutenant B. Lewis Blackford, topographic engineer. Their…

Colonel John Mosby’s raid near Belle Plain in Stafford on May 9, 1864, was an attack on a Federal wagon train. Federal withdrawal from Warrenton in late April and lack of use of the Orange and Alexandria rail line created opportunities for rear area raids toward Bealeton and Culpeper and the Union logistics base at…